A rooftop is part of an building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, sunlight and wind. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of a roof are based mostly upon the purpose of the building that it protects, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of structure and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or nationwide legislation. In most countries a roof protects against rain primarily. A verandah might be roofed with material that shields against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of any garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack made of date hand branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof may also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden.The elements in the look of a roof are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of an roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to laminated a glass, copper (see: copper roof), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In many parts of the globe ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofer material for years and years, if not millennia. Other roof covering materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and wood shingles and shakes.
The construction of any roof depends upon its method of support and the way the underneath space is bridged and set up roof covering is pitched. The pitch is the angle at which the roof goes up from its minimum to highest point. Most US home architecture, except in very dried out regions, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern structure elements such as drainpipes might remove the dependence on pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of aesthetics and tradition. So the pitch is dependent upon stylistic factors partly, and partially to do with practicalities.
Some types of roofer, for example thatch, need a steep pitch in order to be durable and waterproof. Other styles of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on the steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a comparatively low angle. In regions where there is little rainfall, an almost toned roof with hook run-off provides adequate protection against an intermittent downpour. Drainpipes also remove the need for a sloping roof structure.
A person that specializes in roofing construction is named a roofer.The durability of an roof structure is a matter of concern because the roof is usually the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or harm can have serious effects.
Because the reason for a roof is to safeguard people and their property from climatic elements, the insulating properties of any roof covering are a awareness in its composition and the decision of roofing materials.Some roof materials, those of natural fibrous materials particularly, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that do not, extra insulation is installed under the outside covering often. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The goal of a ceiling is to insulate against heating and cold, sound, dirt and frequently from the droppings and lice of wild birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed departing a space between the tiles and the roof surface, it can reduce heating caused by sunlight.Types of insulation are plastic material or experienced sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed straight below the tiles or other materials; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that may be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming more and more popular, and in some cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly insulated and ventilated roofing can suffer from problems such as the formation of snow dams across the overhanging eaves in winter, causing normal water from melted snow on top elements of the rooftop to permeate the roofing materials. Ice dams appear when temperature escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those true points melts, refreezing as it drips over the shingles, and collecting by means of ice at the lower points. This can lead to structural harm from stress, including the devastation of gutter and drainage systems.
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