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A roof structure is part of an building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from pets or animals and weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, sunlight and wind. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of a roof are based mostly upon the goal of the building that it includes, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider ideas of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects mostly against rain. A verandah might be roofed with materials that protects against sun rays but admits the other elements. The roof of any garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.Shack made of date hand branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof covering might provide additional living space, for example a roof top garden.The elements in the design of a roof are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of the roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to laminated a glass, copper (see: copper roofing), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In many parts of the earth ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing materials for years and years, if not millennia. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, reboundable foam, PVC, slate, Teflon textile, TPO, and hardwood shingles and shakes.The construction of any roof depends upon its approach to support and the way the underneath space is bridged and set up roofing is pitched. The pitch is the angle of which the roof goes up from its least expensive to highest point. Most US local architecture, except in very dry locations, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern development elements such as drainpipes might remove the dependence on pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of aesthetics and tradition. So the pitch is dependent after stylistic factors partly, and partially to do with practicalities.Some types of roof, for example thatch, need a steep pitch in order to be durable and waterproof. Other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In locations where there is little rainwater, an almost chiseled roof with hook run-off provides enough protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes remove the need for a sloping rooftop also.Somebody who specializes in roof top construction is called a roofer.The durability of a roof is a subject of matter because the roofing is usually the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects.Because the reason for a rooftop is to safeguard people and their property from climatic elements, the insulating properties of an roof covering are a thought in its composition and the decision of roofing materials.Some roof materials, specifically those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that not, extra insulation is installed under the exterior layer often. In developed countries, the majority of dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The purpose of a ceiling is to insulate against heat and cold, noises, dirt and grime and often from the lice and droppings of parrots who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.Cement tiles can be utilized as insulation. When installed departing a space between the tiles and the roof top surface, it can reduce heating up caused by sunlight.Forms of insulation are plastic or sensed sheeting, with a reflective surface sometimes, installed directly below the tiles or other material; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that may be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming increasingly popular, and in some full cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.Poorly covered and ventilated roof can have problems with problems including the formation of snow dams throughout the overhanging eaves in cold weather, causing normal water from melted snow on higher elements of the rooftop to penetrate the roofing material. Ice dams happen when temperature escapes through the uppermost area of the roof, and the snow at those points melts, refreezing as it drips over the shingles, and collecting in the form of ice at the lower points. This may cause structural destruction from stress, like the damage of drainage and gutter systems.

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