A roof top is part of an building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of an building or shelter which gives protection from pets or animals and weather, rain or snow notably, but heat also, wind and sunlight. The term also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of the roof are based mostly upon the purpose of the building it addresses, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of development and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects mostly against rain. A verandah might be roofed with material that helps to protect against sun rays but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack manufactured from date palm branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof covering might provide additional living space, for example a roof covering garden.The elements in the design of a roof covering are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of an roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to laminated cup, copper (see: copper roofing), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In many parts of the global world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofer materials for years and years, if not millennia. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, reboundable foam, PVC, slate, Teflon textile, TPO, and solid wood shakes and shingles.
The construction of any roof is determined by its approach to support and the way the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the rooftop is pitched. The pitch is the perspective at which the roof increases from its most affordable to highest point. Most US domestic architecture, except in very dried up areas, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern structure elements such as drainpipes may take away the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of custom and looks. So the pitch is dependent upon stylistic factors partly, and to do with practicalities partially.
Some types of roofing, for example thatch, require a steep pitch to become durable and waterproof. Other styles of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In parts where there is little rain, an almost even roof with a slight run-off provides sufficient protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also take away the dependence on a sloping rooftop.
Somebody who specializes in roof top construction is named a roofer.The durability of any rooftop is a subject of concern because the roof top is usually the least accessible part of your building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its destruction or destruction can have serious effects.
Because the reason for a roofing is to protect people and their belongings from climatic elements, the insulating properties of the roof structure are a concern in its structure and the choice of roofing materials.Some roof covering materials, specifically those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For all those that do not, extra insulation is installed under the outside coating often. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The goal of a roof is to insulate against heating and cold, sound, dirt and often from the droppings and lice of wild birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Cement tiles can be used as insulation. When installed departing a space between your tiles and the roof covering surface, it can reduce heating up caused by the sun.Forms of insulation are sensed or clear plastic sheeting, with a reflective surface sometimes, installed below the tiles or other material directly; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs have become ever more popular, and in some full cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are thought as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly insulated and ventilated roofer can suffer from problems like the formation of snow dams round the overhanging eaves in cold weather, causing normal water from melted snow on upper parts of the roof covering to permeate the roofing materials. Ice dams take place when heating escapes through the uppermost area of the roof, and the snow at those true items melts, refreezing as it drips along the shingles, and collecting by means of ice at the low points. This can cause structural damage from stress, including the devastation of drainage and gutter systems.
Reliability Based Design of Structures Under Seismic Loading
other hand, if you know you have structural problems with your roof
loads more accurately table 3 2 dead loads for common residential
trusses are to use. They are ideal for straight runs of a gable roof
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