A rooftop is part of a building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of any building or shelter which gives protection from pets and weather, rain or snow notably, but heat also, wind and sunlight. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of the roof are centered upon the purpose of the building which it addresses, the available roof materials and the local traditions of building and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects mainly against rain. A verandah might be roofed with material that defends against sunshine but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack made of date palm branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof could also provide additional living space, for example a roof top garden.The elements in the design of a roofing are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of the roof may range from banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to laminated a glass, copper (see: copper roof covering), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast cement. In many parts of the world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roof materials for years and years, if not millennia. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon cloth, TPO, and timber shakes and shingles.
The construction of any roof is determined by its approach to support and how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roof is pitched. The pitch is the position of which the roof goes up from its lowest to highest point. Most US local structures, except in very dry out locations, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern construction elements such as drainpipes may take away the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of looks and tradition. So the pitch is dependent upon stylistic factors partly, and partially to do with practicalities.
Some types of roofing, for example thatch, need a steep pitch to become durable and waterproof. Other styles of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable over a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In parts where there is little rainfall, an almost even roof with hook run-off provides satisfactory protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes take away the dependence on a sloping roof also.
A person that specializes in roof structure construction is called a roofer.The durability of the roof structure is a matter of matter because the roofing is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious results.
Because the purpose of a roof covering is to protect people and their possessions from climatic elements, the insulating properties of the roof are a factor in its composition and the choice of roofing materials.Some roofer materials, those of natural fibrous material especially, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For all those that not, extra insulation is installed under the outside layer often. In developed countries, the majority of dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The goal of a roof is to insulate against warmth and cold, sound, dirt and grime and frequently from the droppings and lice of birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Concrete tiles can be utilized as insulation. When installed giving a space between the tiles and the roofing surface, it can reduce heat caused by the sun.Forms of insulation are clear plastic or noticed sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed immediately below the tiles or other materials; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs have become ever more popular, and in some full cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly covered and ventilated roofer can suffer from problems including the formation of snow dams across the overhanging eaves in cold weather, causing normal water from melted snow on top elements of the roof to permeate the roofing materials. Ice dams appear when heat escapes through the uppermost area of the roof, and the snow at those true tips melts, refreezing as it drips over the shingles, and collecting in the form of ice at the low points. This can result in structural harm from stress, like the devastation of gutter and drainage systems.
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