A roof is part of an building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of an building or shelter which provides protection from pets or animals and weather, rain or snow notably, but also heat, sunlight and wind. The word denotes the framing or composition which supports that covering also.[1]The characteristics of an roof are based mostly upon the purpose of the building that it protects, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider principles of architectural design and practice and could also be governed by local or nationwide legislation. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of an garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack manufactured from date palm branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof structure might provide additional liveable space, for example a roof covering garden.The elements in the design of a roof are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of the roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten seagrass or straw to laminated wine glass, copper (see: copper roof), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In lots of parts of the earth ceramic tiles have been the predominant roof materials for years and years, if not millennia. Other roof covering materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, reboundable foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and hardwood shingles and shakes.
The construction of a roof depends upon its approach to support and the way the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roof covering is pitched. The pitch is the position at which the roof increases from its lowest to highest point. Most US domestic structures, except in very dry out locations, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern building elements such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of aesthetics and traditions. So the pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially regarding practicalities.
Some types of roof covering, for example thatch, need a steep pitch in order to be waterproof and durable. Other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable over a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a comparatively low angle. In regions where there is little rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides satisfactory protection against an intermittent downpour. Drainpipes remove the dependence on a sloping roof also.
Somebody who specializes in roof structure construction is named a roofer.The durability of any roof top is a matter of concern because the roof top is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its destruction or harm can have serious results.
Because the purpose of a roof structure is to safeguard people and their property from climatic elements, the insulating properties of the rooftop are a concern in its framework and the choice of roofing material.Some roofer materials, particularly those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that do not, extra insulation is often installed under the external part. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The goal of a roof is to insulate against temperature and cold, noise, mud and often from the lice and droppings of wild birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed giving a space between the tiles and the roof structure surface, it can reduce heat caused by the sun.Forms of insulation are experienced or plastic material sheeting, with a reflective surface sometimes, installed directly below the tiles or other materials; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that may be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming popular progressively more, and in some instances are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly covered and ventilated roof can suffer from problems including the formation of ice dams about the overhanging eaves in cold weather, causing drinking water from melted snow on top elements of the roof covering to penetrate the roofing material. Ice dams happen when warmth escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those true points melts, refreezing as it drips along the shingles, and collecting by means of ice at the low points. This may result in structural destruction from stress, like the destruction of gutter and drainage systems.
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