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A roofing is part of the building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of an building or shelter which provides protection from family pets and weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, sunlight and wind. The term also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of an roof are based mostly upon the goal of the building that it protects, the available roof materials and the local traditions of engineering and wider ideas of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects mainly against rain. A verandah might be roofed with material that defends against natural light but admits the other elements. The roof of your garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.Shack made of date hand branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof covering could also provide additional liveable space, for example a roof garden.The elements in the look of a roof structure are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of an roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to laminated wine glass, copper (see: copper roofer), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In many parts of the global world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing materials for years and years, if not millennia. Other roofer materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM rubber, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon cloth, TPO, and lumber shakes and shingles.The construction of any roof is determined by its method of support and how the underneath space is bridged and set up roof top is pitched. The pitch is the perspective at which the roof goes up from its lowest to highest point. Most US local architecture, except in very dried areas, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern construction elements such as drainpipes might remove the dependence on pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of looks and custom. So the pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially regarding practicalities.Some types of roof, for example thatch, need a steep pitch in order to be durable and waterproof. Other styles of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In areas where there is little rainwater, an almost even roof with hook run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes remove the need for a sloping roof also.A person that specializes in roof covering construction is named a roofer.The durability of a roofing is a subject of concern because the roof covering is often the least accessible part of any building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its destruction or devastation can have serious results.Because the purpose of a roof is to protect people and their belongings from climatic elements, the insulating properties of the roof structure are a thought in its framework and the choice of roofing material.Some roof covering materials, those of natural fibrous materials especially, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that do not, extra insulation is installed under the exterior part often. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The purpose of a ceiling is to insulate against heating and cold, noises, mud and often from the droppings and lice of wild birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.Concrete tiles can be utilized as insulation. When installed going out of a space between the tiles and the roof structure surface, it can reduce heating caused by sunlight.Forms of insulation are experienced or plastic material sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed straight below the tiles or other materials; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming progressively popular, and in some full cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are thought as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.Poorly covered and ventilated roof can have problems with problems including the formation of ice dams surrounding the overhanging eaves in winter, causing water from melted snow on top parts of the roofing to permeate the roofing materials. Ice dams take place when heat escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those points melts, refreezing as it drips along the shingles, and collecting by means of ice at the lower points. This can bring about structural destruction from stress, like the destruction of gutter and drainage systems.

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Gable/Shed Roofs

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