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A roof is part of the building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of an building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, rain or snow notably, but heat also, sunlight and wind. The term also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of an roof are centered upon the purpose of the building it covers, the available roof materials and the local traditions of structure and wider principles of architectural design and practice and could also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects against rain primarily. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of the garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.Shack made of date palm branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof top might provide additional liveable space, for example a roofing garden.The elements in the look of a rooftop are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of a roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to laminated goblet, copper (see: copper roofer), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast cement. In many parts of the world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing materials for years and years, if not millennia. Other roof covering materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, reboundable foam, PVC, slate, Teflon textile, TPO, and lumber shingles and shakes.The construction of an roof depends upon its method of support and how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roofing is pitched. The pitch is the viewpoint at which the roof rises from its least expensive to highest point. Most US local architecture, except in very dried areas, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern engineering elements such as drainpipes might take away the dependence on pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of tradition and aesthetics. So the pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, and to do with practicalities partly.Some types of roofer, for example thatch, need a steep pitch in order to be durable and waterproof. Other styles of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable over a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a comparatively low angle. In locations where there is little rain, an almost smooth roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes remove the dependence on a sloping roof covering also.Somebody who specializes in roof construction is called a roofer.The durability of any roof covering is a subject of matter because the roof top is often the least accessible part of the building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its devastation or damage can have serious effects.Because the reason for a roof structure is to protect people and their belongings from climatic elements, the insulating properties of a roof covering are a consideration in its framework and the choice of roofing materials.Some roofer materials, those of natural fibrous material particularly, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For all those that not, extra insulation is often installed under the external layer. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The purpose of a roof is to insulate against high temperature and cold, noises, dirt and frequently from the droppings and lice of birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed going out of a space between the tiles and the roof surface, it can reduce heating caused by sunlight.Forms of insulation are felt or cheap sheeting, with a reflective surface sometimes, installed below the tiles or other material directly; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that may be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs have become increasingly popular, and in some instances are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are thought as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.Poorly covered and ventilated roof can suffer from problems including the formation of snow dams surrounding the overhanging eaves in winter, causing drinking water from melted snow on higher elements of the rooftop to penetrate the roofing materials. Ice dams arise when temperature escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those factors melts, refreezing as it drips over the shingles, and collecting in the form of ice at the lower points. This may result in structural damage from stress, including the devastation of drainage and gutter systems.

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