A rooftop is part of an building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of your building or shelter which gives protection from animals and weather, rain or snow notably, but also heat, wind and sunlight. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of any roof are reliant upon the purpose of the building that it includes, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of structure and wider ideas of architectural design and practice and could also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects against rain primarily. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of an garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack manufactured from date hand branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof could also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden.The elements in the look of a roof covering are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of your roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to laminated glass, copper (see: copper roof covering), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast cement. In lots of parts of the global world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roof covering materials for centuries, if not millennia. Other roof materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and hardwood shakes and shingles.
The construction of any roof depends upon its approach to support and how the underneath space is bridged and set up rooftop is pitched. The pitch is the angle of which the roof rises from its least expensive to highest point. Most US local structures, except in very dried out locations, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern engineering elements such as drainpipes might remove the dependence on pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of traditions and looks. So the pitch is dependent after stylistic factors partly, and partially regarding practicalities.
Some types of roof, for example thatch, need a steep pitch in order to be durable and waterproof. Other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable over a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a comparatively low angle. In areas where there is little rain, an almost level roof with a slight run-off provides sufficient protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also remove the dependence on a sloping rooftop.
A person that specializes in roof top construction is called a roofer.The durability of a roof structure is a subject of concern because the roof is usually the least accessible part of any building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its devastation or destruction can have serious effects.
Because the reason for a roof structure is to protect people and their belongings from climatic elements, the insulating properties of a roof structure are a factor in its structure and the decision of roofing materials.Some roofer materials, those of natural fibrous material especially, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For all those that do not, extra insulation is installed under the external coating often. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The goal of a roof is to insulate against heating and cold, sound, mud and frequently from the droppings and lice of wild birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Cement tiles can be used as insulation. When installed going out of a space between the tiles and the rooftop surface, it can reduce heating caused by sunlight.Forms of insulation are plastic material or sensed sheeting, with a reflective surface sometimes, installed directly below the tiles or other material; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming popular significantly, and in some cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are thought as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly insulated and ventilated roofer can have problems with problems like the formation of glaciers dams across the overhanging eaves in winter, causing water from melted snow on top elements of the roof top to penetrate the roofing material. Ice dams happen when heating escapes through the uppermost area of the roof, and the snow at those true details melts, refreezing as it drips over the shingles, and collecting in the form of ice at the lower points. This can bring about structural harm from stress, including the damage of gutter and drainage systems.
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Reliability Based Design of Structures Under Seismic Loading
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