A roof covering is part of a building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of any building or shelter which gives protection from pets and weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, sunlight and wind. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering.[1]The characteristics of any roof are reliant upon the goal of the building that it covers, the available roofer materials and the local traditions of building and wider ideas of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or nationwide legislation. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. A verandah might be roofed with material that defends against sun rays but admits the other elements. The roof of any garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack manufactured from date hand branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA rooftop might provide additional living space, for example a rooftop garden.The elements in the look of a rooftop are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of any roof may range from banana leaves, wheaten seagrass or straw to laminated a glass, copper (see: copper roof), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In many parts of the planet ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing material for centuries, if not millennia. Other roof materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM plastic, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and solid wood shakes and shingles.
The construction of the roof depends upon its method of support and the way the underneath space is bridged and set up rooftop is pitched. The pitch is the perspective at which the roof rises from its most affordable to highest point. Most US local structures, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern structure elements such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of aesthetics and traditions. So the pitch is dependent after stylistic factors partly, and partially regarding practicalities.
Some types of roof covering, for example thatch, require a steep pitch to become waterproof and durable. Other styles of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable over a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a comparatively low angle. In regions where there is little rainfall, an almost level roof with hook run-off provides enough protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes take away the need for a sloping roof also.
Somebody who specializes in roof top construction is named a roofer.The durability of the roof covering is a subject of matter because the roof covering is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its destruction or harm can have serious effects.
Because the purpose of a roof covering is to protect people and their property from climatic elements, the insulating properties of any roof structure are a factor in its composition and the decision of roofing materials.Some roof materials, especially those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that not, extra insulation is installed under the exterior layer often. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The purpose of a roof is to insulate against temperature and cold, noises, dirt and often from the droppings and lice of wild birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed leaving a space between the tiles and the rooftop surface, it can reduce home heating caused by sunlight.Forms of insulation are experienced or plastic sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed below the tiles or other material immediately; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming significantly popular, and sometimes are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are thought as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly covered and ventilated roof covering can have problems with problems including the formation of snow dams surrounding the overhanging eaves in winter, causing water from melted snow on higher parts of the rooftop to penetrate the roofing material. Ice dams appear when temperature escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those things melts, refreezing as it drips over the shingles, and collecting in the form of ice at the lower points. This may bring about structural harm from stress, like the damage of drainage and gutter systems.
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ReliabilityBased Design of Structures Under Seismic Loading
ReliabilityBased Design of Structures Under Seismic Loading
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