A roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of any building or shelter which provides protection from pets or animals and weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, sunlight and wind. The term denotes the framing or composition which facilitates that covering also.[1]The characteristics of any roof are reliant upon the purpose of the building which it addresses, the available roof materials and the neighborhood traditions of building and wider ideas of architectural design and practice and could also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects generally against rain. A verandah might be roofed with material that protects against sun rays but admits the other elements. The roof of the garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack made of date hand branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof covering could also provide additional liveable space, for example a roof structure garden.The elements in the look of a roof covering are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of an roof may range between banana leaves, wheaten seagrass or straw to laminated glass, copper (see: copper roofer), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In lots of parts of the entire world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofer material for years and years, if not millennia. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM rubber, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon cloth, TPO, and hardwood shingles and shakes.
The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and the way the underneath space is bridged and set up roof is pitched. The pitch is the perspective at which the roof rises from its most affordable to highest point. Most US local structures, except in very dried out regions, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern construction elements such as drainpipes might take away the dependence on pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of appearance and tradition. So the pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially regarding practicalities.
Some types of roofing, for example thatch, need a steep pitch to become durable and waterproof. Other styles of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on the steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a comparatively low angle. In parts where there is little rainfall, an almost even roof with a slight run-off provides satisfactory protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also take away the dependence on a sloping roof top.
A person that specializes in roof structure construction is called a roofer.The durability of any roofing is a matter of concern because the roofing is usually the least accessible part of an building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its harm or devastation can have serious results.
Because the reason for a roof is to safeguard people and their possessions from climatic elements, the insulating properties of a roof structure are a consideration in its structure and the choice of roofing materials.Some roof covering materials, especially those of natural fibrous materials, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For all those that do not, extra insulation is installed under the outer level often. In developed countries, the majority of dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The goal of a ceiling is to insulate against warmth and cold, noise, dirt and frequently from the droppings and lice of parrots who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed giving a space between the tiles and the roof surface, it can reduce heating up caused by sunlight.Types of insulation are clear plastic or sensed sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed below the tiles or other materials immediately; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming popular significantly, and in some instances are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are thought as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly covered and ventilated roof can have problems with problems like the formation of ice dams throughout the overhanging eaves in winter, causing normal water from melted snow on upper parts of the roof to penetrate the roofing materials. Ice dams happen when temperature escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those true details melts, refreezing as it drips across the shingles, and collecting by means of ice at the lower points. This may cause structural harm from stress, including the devastation of drainage and gutter systems.
Fig. 1. Truss types, node numbering, and assumed positive directions
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roof truss
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