A roof covering is part of the building envelope. It's the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow, but heat also, wind and sunlight. The term denotes the framing or composition which facilitates that covering also.[1]The characteristics of any roof are dependent upon the goal of the building so it covers, the available roof materials and the neighborhood traditions of structure and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or countrywide legislation. In most countries a roof protects generally against rain. A verandah might be roofed with materials that defends against sunshine but admits the other elements. The roof of any garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.
Shack manufactured from date hand branches at Neot Semadar, IsraelA roof top may provide additional living space, for example a roof garden.The elements in the look of a roof top are:the materialthe constructionthe durabilityThe material of the roof may range from banana leaves, wheaten seagrass or straw to laminated glass, copper (see: copper roofer), aluminium sheeting and pre-cast concrete. In lots of parts of the planet ceramic tiles have been the predominant roof materials for centuries, if not millennia. Other roofer materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM silicone, Hypalon, reboundable foam, PVC, slate, Teflon textile, TPO, and real wood shingles and shakes.
The construction of an roof is determined by its method of support and how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roofing is pitched. The pitch is the perspective of which the roof goes up from its minimum to highest point. Most US home architecture, except in very dried out areas, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern building elements such as drainpipes may take away the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of traditions and appearance. So the pitch is dependent after stylistic factors partly, and partially regarding practicalities.
Some types of roofing, for example thatch, need a steep pitch to become waterproof and durable. Other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on the steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In parts where there is little rain, an almost smooth roof with hook run-off provides enough protection against an intermittent downpour. Drainpipes take away the dependence on a sloping roof also.
Somebody who specializes in rooftop construction is called a roofer.The durability of the roof top is a matter of concern because the roof top is often the least accessible part of the building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its harm or damage can have serious effects.
Because the purpose of a roofing is to safeguard people and their possessions from climatic elements, the insulating properties of the roof structure are a factor in its structure and the choice of roofing material.Some roofing materials, those of natural fibrous materials particularly, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For all those that not, extra insulation is often installed under the exterior level. In developed countries, nearly all dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural members of the roof. The purpose of a roof is to insulate against heating and cold, noises, dirt and grime and frequently from the droppings and lice of birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed going out of a space between your tiles and the roofing surface, it can reduce warming caused by sunlight.Forms of insulation are experienced or clear plastic sheeting, with a reflective surface sometimes, installed below the tiles or other material directly; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that may be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. So called Cool roofs are becoming popular progressively, and in some cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high reflectivity and high thermal emittance.
Poorly covered and ventilated roofer can have problems with problems such as the formation of ice dams around the overhanging eaves in cold weather, causing drinking water from melted snow on higher elements of the roofing to permeate the roofing material. Ice dams take place when heating escapes through the uppermost area of the roof, and the snow at those points melts, refreezing as it drips across the shingles, and collecting in the form of ice at the low points. This can cause structural harm from stress, including the destruction of drainage and gutter systems.
12.9: EXAMPLE ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGN OF DECK PLATEGIRDER BRIDGE WITH
Roofs, Building Roofs, Roof Design amp; Construction, Skylights
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